A judge set a tentative trial date for June 20, raising the possibility that Mr. Biden could be on trial twice in the thick of the 2024 presidential campaign.
The justices heard arguments over whether the Constitution allows the agency to pursue enforcement actions before its own judges instead of in federal courts.
The ruling, which is almost certain to be appealed to the Supreme Court, would effectively bar private citizens and civil rights groups from suing under a key provision of the landmark law.
Sundar Pichai, Google’s chief executive, is expected to testify on Tuesday for the second time in two weeks to defend his company against monopoly claims.