The two oil-producing countries have extended their partnership even as the United States and Europe have sought to punish and isolate Russia for invading Ukraine.
In Germany and elsewhere, leaders are growing more confident that months of work to stockpile and line up alternate energy sources may help them blunt Russia’s weaponization of exports.
The government is helping residents with soaring gas and electric costs, but some businesses are already shutting down amid fears of rationing and blackouts.
Nord Stream 1, operated by state-owned Gazprom, won’t reopen Saturday as expected, heightening fears Russia will step up its use of energy to pressure Europe.