The $886 billion legislation is the product of bipartisan negotiations between the House and Senate in which right-wing restrictions on abortion, transgender care and diversity initiatives were jettisoned.
With hard-right Republicans attacking federal law enforcement agencies and unwilling to extend their broad powers, a major warrantless surveillance program targeting foreigners overseas may face new limits from Congress.
Skepticism about security agencies and surveillance by Republicans allied with former President Donald J. Trump may bolster traditional liberal and libertarian critics of a post-Sept. 11 law.